1. What are the main features of Java?
Java features include platform independence, object-oriented programming, automatic memory management, robust exception handling, and a large standard library.
2. Explain the difference between JDK, JRE, and JVM.
JVM
JVM is an acronym for Java Virtual Machine; it is an abstract machine which provides the runtime environment in which Java bytecode can be executed. It is a specification which specifies the working of Java Virtual Machine. Its implementation has been provided by Oracle and other companies. Its implementation is known as JRE.
JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms (so JVM is platform dependent). It is a runtime instance which is created when we run the Java class. There are three notions of the JVM: specification, implementation, and instance.
JRE
JRE stands for Java Runtime Environment. It is the implementation of JVM. The Java Runtime Environment is a set of software tools which are used for developing Java applications. It is used to provide the runtime environment. It is the implementation of JVM. It physically exists. It contains a set of libraries + other files that JVM uses at runtime.
JDK
JDK is an acronym for Java Development Kit. It is a software development environment which is used to develop Java applications and applets. It physically exists. It contains JRE + development tools. JDK is an implementation of any one of the below given Java Platforms released by Oracle Corporation:
- Standard Edition Java Platform
- Enterprise Edition Java Platform
- Micro Edition Java Platform
3. What is the difference between a constructor and a method?
A constructor is a special method that is used to initialize an object when it is created. A method, on the other hand, is a regular function that performs a specific task.
4. Explain the concept of inheritance in Java.
Inheritance is a mechanism in Java that allows a class to inherit properties and behaviors from another class. It promotes code reusability and supports the concept of hierarchical relationships between classes.
5. What is the difference between method overloading and method overriding?
Method overloading occurs when a class has multiple methods with the same name but different parameters. Method overriding occurs when a subclass provides its own implementation of a method inherited from its superclass.
6. What are the access modifiers in Java?
Java has four access modifiers: public, protected, private, and default (no explicit modifier). They control the visibility and accessibility of classes, methods, and variables.
7. Explain the final keyword in Java.
The final keyword can be used with classes, methods, and variables. When applied to a class, it indicates that the class cannot be inherited. When applied to a method, it prevents the method from being overridden. When applied to a variable, it indicates that the variable cannot be changed once assigned.
8. What is the difference between abstract classes and interfaces?
Abstract classes can have both abstract and concrete methods, while interfaces can only have abstract methods. A class can inherit from a single abstract class but implement multiple interfaces.
9. Explain the concept of multithreading in Java.
Multithreading allows concurrent execution of multiple threads within a single program. Each thread represents a separate flow of control, allowing for efficient utilization of system resources.
10. What is the difference between synchronized and volatile keywords?
The synchronized keyword is used to achieve thread safety by allowing only one thread to access a block of code at a time. The volatile keyword ensures that changes to a variable are immediately visible to other threads.
11. Can java be said to be the complete object-oriented programming language?
It is not wrong if we claim that java is the complete object-oriented programming language. Because Everything in Java is under the classes. And we can access that by creating the objects.
But also if we say that java is not a completely object-oriented programming language because it has the support of primitive data types like int, float, char, boolean, double, etc.
Now for the question: Is java a completely object-oriented programming language? We can say that – Java is not a pure object-oriented programming language, because it has direct access to primitive data types. And these primitive data types don’t directly belong to the Integer classes.
12. How is Java different from C++?
- C++ is only a compiled language, whereas Java is compiled as well as an interpreted language.
- Java programs are machine-independent whereas a c++ program can run only in the machine in which it is compiled.
- C++ allows users to use pointers in the program. Whereas java doesn’t allow it. Java internally uses pointers.
- C++ supports the concept of Multiple inheritances whereas Java doesn’t support this. And it is due to avoiding the complexity of name ambiguity that causes the diamond problem.
13. What do you understand by an instance variable and a local variable?
Instance variables are those variables that are accessible by all the methods in the class. They are declared outside the methods and inside the class. These variables describe the properties of an object and remain bound to it at any cost.
All the objects of the class will have their copy of the variables for utilization. If any modification is done on these variables, then only that instance will be impacted by it, and all other class instances continue to remain unaffected.
Example:
class Athlete {
public String athleteName;
public double athleteSpeed;
public int athleteAge;
}Local variables are those variables present within a block, function, or constructor and can be accessed only inside them. The utilization of the variable is restricted to the block scope. Whenever a local variable is declared inside a method, the other class methods don’t have any knowledge about the local variable.
Example:
public void athlete() {
String athleteName;
double athleteSpeed;
int athleteAge;
}14. Explain the concept of the main() method in Java.
The main() method is the entry point of a Java program. It is a special method that is called when the program starts executing. It must be declared as public, static, and void, and it accepts an array of strings as a parameter (String[] args).
15. Explain public static void main(String args[]) in Java.
main() in Java is the entry point for any Java program. It is always written as public static void main(String[] args).
- public: Public is an access modifier, which is used to specify who can access this method. Public means that this Method will be accessible by any Class.
- static: It is a keyword in java which identifies it is class-based. main() is made static in Java so that it can be accessed without creating the instance of a Class. In case, main is not made static then the compiler will throw an error as main() is called by the JVM before any objects are made and only static methods can be directly invoked via the class.
- void: It is the return type of the method. Void defines the method which will not return any value.
- main: It is the name of the method which is searched by JVM as a starting point for an application with a particular signature only. It is the method where the main execution occurs.
- String args[]: It is the parameter passed to the main method.
16. What are constructors in Java?
In Java, constructor refers to a block of code which is used to initialize an object. It must have the same name as that of the class. Also, it has no return type and it is automatically called when an object is created.
There are two types of constructors:
- Default Constructor: In Java, a default constructor is the one which does not take any inputs. In other words, default constructors are the no argument constructors which will be created by default in case you no other constructor is defined by the user. Its main purpose is to initialize the instance variables with the default values. Also, it is majorly used for object creation.
- Parameterized Constructor: The parameterized constructor in Java, is the constructor which is capable of initializing the instance variables with the provided values. In other words, the constructors which take the arguments are called parameterized constructors.
17. What do you mean by data encapsulation?
- Data Encapsulation is an Object-Oriented Programming concept of hiding the data attributes and their behaviours in a single unit.
- It helps developers to follow modularity while developing software by ensuring that each object is independent of other objects by having its own methods, attributes, and functionalities.
- It is used for the security of the private properties of an object and hence serves the purpose of data hiding.
18. Tell us something about JIT compiler.
- JIT stands for Just-In-Time and it is used for improving the performance during run time. It does the task of compiling parts of byte code having similar functionality at the same time thereby reducing the amount of compilation time for the code to run.
- The compiler is nothing but a translator of source code to machine-executable code. But what is special about the JIT compiler? Let us see how it works:
- First, the Java source code (.java) conversion to byte code (.class) occurs with the help of the javac compiler.
- Then, the .class files are loaded at run time by JVM and with the help of an interpreter, these are converted to machine understandable code.
- JIT compiler is a part of JVM. When the JIT compiler is enabled, the JVM analyzes the method calls in the .class files and compiles them to get more efficient and native code. It also ensures that the prioritized method calls are optimized.
- Once the above step is done, the JVM executes the optimized code directly instead of interpreting the code again. This increases the performance and speed of the execution.
19. What is the difference between Array list and vector in Java?
| ArrayList | Vector |
|---|---|
| Array List is not synchronized. | Vector is synchronized. |
| Array List is fast as it’s non-synchronized. | Vector is slow as it is thread safe. |
| If an element is inserted into the Array List, it increases its Array size by 50%. | Vector defaults to doubling size of its array. |
| Array List does not define the increment size. | Vector defines the increment size. |
| Array List can only use Iterator for traversing an Array List. | Vector can use both Enumeration and Iterator for traversing. |
20. How to not allow serialization of attributes of a class in Java?
The Non-Serialized attribute can be used to prevent member variables from being serialized.
You should also make an object that potentially contains security-sensitive data non-serializable if possible. Apply the Non-Serialized attribute to certain fields that store sensitive data if the object must be serialized. If you don’t exclude these fields from serialization, the data they store will be visible to any programs with serialization permission.
21. What is the purpose of static methods and variables?
The methods or variables defined as static are shared among all the objects of the class. The static is the part of the class and not of the object. The static variables are stored in the class area, and we do not need to create the object to access such variables. Therefore, static is used in the case, where we need to define variables or methods which are common to all the objects of the class.
For example, In the class simulating the collection of the students in a college, the name of the college is the common attribute to all the students. Therefore, the college name will be defined as static.
22. What are the advantages of Packages in Java?
There are various advantages of defining packages in Java.
- Packages avoid the name clashes.
- The Package provides easier access control.
- We can also have the hidden classes that are not visible outside and used by the package.
- It is easier to locate the related classes.
23. What is object-oriented paradigm?
It is a programming paradigm based on objects having data and methods defined in the class to which it belongs. Object-oriented paradigm aims to incorporate the advantages of modularity and reusability. Objects are the instances of classes which interacts with one another to design applications and programs. There are the following features of the object-oriented paradigm.
- Follows the bottom-up approach in program design.
- Focus on data with methods to operate upon the object’s data
- Includes the concept like Encapsulation and abstraction which hides the complexities from the user and show only functionality.
- Implements the real-time approach like inheritance, abstraction, etc.
- The examples of the object-oriented paradigm are C++, Simula, Smalltalk, Python, C#, etc.
24. Can you make a constructor final?
No, the constructor can’t be final.
25. What do you understand by copy constructor in Java?
There is no copy constructor in java. However, we can copy the values from one object to another like copy constructor in C++.
There are many ways to copy the values of one object into another in java. They are:
- By constructor
- By assigning the values of one object into another
- By clone() method of Object class
In this example, we are going to copy the values of one object into another using java constructor.
//Java program to initialize the values from one object to another
class Student6{
int id;
String name;
//constructor to initialize integer and string
Student6(int i,String n){
id = i;
name = n;
}
//constructor to initialize another object
Student6(Student6 s){
id = s.id;
name =s.name;
}
void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);}
public static void main(String args[]){
Student6 s1 = new Student6(111,"Karan");
Student6 s2 = new Student6(s1);
s1.display();
s2.display();
}
} Output:
111 Karan 111 Karan
26. What is the static method?
- A static method belongs to the class rather than the object.
- There is no need to create the object to call the static methods.
- A static method can access and change the value of the static variable.
27. What if the static modifier is removed from the signature of the main method?
Program compiles. However, at runtime, It throws an error “NoSuchMethodError.”
28. Can we make the abstract methods static in Java?
In Java, if we make the abstract methods static, It will become the part of the class, and we can directly call it which is unnecessary. Calling an undefined method is completely useless therefore it is not allowed.
29. What is this keyword in java?
The this keyword is a reference variable that refers to the current object. There are the various uses of this keyword in Java. It can be used to refer to current class properties such as instance methods, variable, constructors, etc. It can also be passed as an argument into the methods or constructors. It can also be returned from the method as the current class instance.
30. What are the main uses of this keyword?
There are the following uses of this keyword.
- this can be used to refer to the current class instance variable.
- this can be used to invoke current class method (implicitly)
- this() can be used to invoke the current class constructor.
- this can be passed as an argument in the method call.
- this can be passed as an argument in the constructor call.
- this can be used to return the current class instance from the method.